On the occasion of Raphael Mechoulam's 90th birthday, Professor Roger Pertwee, Emeritus Professor at the University of Aberdeen and long-time IACM Board member, has written the following text.
The 90th Birthday of Professor Raphael Mechoulam, a Top Cannabinoid Scientist and Pioneer.
School of Medical Sciences, The Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK.
On the 5th November 2020, Professor Raphael Mechoulam, who is widely recognized as one of the greatest scientists in the field of cannabinoid research, and who is still an active researcher, will be celebrating his 90th birthday. Raphael Mechoulam was born in Bulgaria but, together with his Jewish parents, emigrated to Israel in 1949. He obtained an MSc in biochemistry in 1952 from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, and subsequently, a PhD in chemistry from the Weizmann Institute in Rehovot, near Tel Aviv. He then carried out postdoctoral research at the Rockefeller Institute in New York, before returning to The Hebrew University of Jerusalem in 1965, where he was appointed as Associate Professor in 1972 and as Professor of Medicinal Chemistry in 1975. It is at The Hebrew University where he began his prestigious cannabinoid research career, and where he is still located. Just a few of his many great cannabinoid-related achievements are highlighted below.
When Raphael Mechoulam began his cannabinoid experiments in the 1960s, a considerable amount of research, starting from the mid-19th century, had already been done on the chemistry of the Cannabis plant, including the elucidation of the structure of cannabinol, which is just one of the many cannabinoid (phytocannabinoid) constituents of cannabis [1]. However, it was Mechoulam and some of his Hebrew University collaborators who, in a series of papers starting in 1963 [2-5], first reported the isolation, structure elucidation, stereochemistry and activity of ”9-tetrahydrocannabinol (”9-THC), which is the main psychoactive constituent of cannabis, and was originally named ”1-THC [2-3]. They also reported the isolation and structural elucidation and chemical synthesis of numerous additional cannabinoids, such as cannabidiol [4], cannabigerol, cannabichromene and some cannabinoid carboxylic acids, achievements that, for example, greatly facilitated the determination of the pharmacological actions of cannabis and its phytocannabinoids [1]. Importantly, Mechoulam edited and also contributed chapters, as did I, to a book entitled œMarijuana [6] that is an excellent and very useful historical source of information about the then state of the art regarding cannabis/cannabinoid chemistry, pharmacology, metabolism and clinical effects up to 1973, and so about information that paved the way to important major new discoveries about cannabinoids that were made by Mechoulam and others after 1973 (e.g. see below).
For nearly two decades after the identification of THC, its mechanisms of action were believed to be entirely ‘non-specific’. However, in the 1980s, findings obtained by several research groups suggested that this might not be true. These included findings obtained by Mechoulam and his collaborators showing that certain cannabinoids display stereoselectivity [7]. Such findings encouraged a search for a cannabinoid receptor in mammalian tiῳsues, and thῩs search led to the discovery of two G protein-coupled cannabinoid receptors [7-8], the first (CB1) discovered between 1988 and 1990 [9-10], and the second (CB2) discovered in 1993 [11]. The evidence obtained in the late 1980s that mammalian tissues express the CB1 receptor immediately prompted searches for a chemicaῬ produced byᾠthese tissues that can activate this receptor. The race to discover such an ˜endocannabinoid™ was won by Mechoulam. He led research that provided convincing evidence (i) that N-arachidonoyl ethanolamine, that he and his collaborators named anandamide, is an endogenously produced compound that can activate the CB1 recῥptor [12], a΅d (ii) that 2-arachidonoylglycerol is also a cannabinoid receptor-activating endocannabinoid [13]. Very wisely, given the lipophilicity of phytocannabinoids such as THC, Mechoulam had decided to look for endocannabinoids among endogenous lipophilic compounds rather than endogenous peptides, even though certain peptidῥs, named end`rphins, had already been found, here in Aberdeen, to serve as endogenous activators of opioid receptors (14). Other lipophilic endocannabinoids were also subsequently discovered [15].
The discovery of the endocannabinoid system greatly boosted cannabinoid research especially when evidence subsequently emerged that this system plays important protective roles in several serious disorders both within and outside the central nervous system [16], raising the possibility that some disorders could be treated with drugs that enhance the levels of protectively released endocannabinoids within and/or without the central nervous system by (i) raising their levels via inhibition of their metabolism or cellular reuptake and/or (ii) strengthening their ability to activate cannabinoid receptors by administering a positive allosteric modulator of these receptors [16-19].
Among Raphael Mechoulam’s many other achievements have been the design and synthesis of numerous important novel cannabinoids that serve as valuable experimental tools or have important therapeutic potential. These synthetic compounds include, amongst many others, HU-210, HU-211, HU-308 and HU-580. Thus,
(i) HU-210 is a synthetic analogue of THC, and a trans isomer, that behaves as a highly potent, high-efficacy CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptor agonist [8];
(ii) HU-211 is the synthetic cis enantiomer of HU-210, and displays much less activity than HU-210 as a cannabinoid receptor agonist [8];
(iii) HU-308 displays much greater affinity for CB2 than for CB1 cannabinoid receptors, and is a CB2-selective agonist [8];
(iv) HU-580 is a synthetic methyl ester of the phyocannabinoid, cannabidiolic acid (CBDA), that displays greater potency and a broader bell-shaped dose-response curve than CBDA (or cannabidiol) as an enhancer of the activation of 5-HT1A serotonergic receptors and as an inhibitor of signs of anxiety and of chemotherapy-induced nausea in rats, and that is much more stable and so much more œdruggable, than CBDA [20).
In conclusion, throughout his research career in the cannabinoid field, Raphael Mechoulam has demonstrated time and again, an amazing ability both to come up with exciting original and important ideas that have greatly helped to advance knowledge about cannabinoid preclinical and clinical pharmacology, biochemistry and medicinal chemistry, and to follow these ideas through with great effect. This is due not least to his ability (i) to set up highly talented research teams in his laboratory, to think both as a chemist and as a biologist - a powerful combination, (ii) to recognise how his ideas/discoveries might be exploited in the clinic, and then (iii) to set up productive collaborations with clinicians, with preclinical pharmacologists/biologists, and with pharmaceutical companies. In addition, it is noteworthy that his surname is often used to name conference keynote lectures (e.g. œMechoulam Lecture), and to name prestigious awards such as the International Cannabinoid Research Society™s œMechoulam Award. He has himself, of course, received many outstanding awards (see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphael_Mechoulam), and has authored or co-authored many excellent peer-reviewed papers to the extent that he has received œHighly Cited Researcher Awards (e.g. from Clarivate Analytics) in recognition of him ranking among the top 1% of researchers in the world for most cited documents in a specific field and particular year. I wish Raphi Mechoulam a very happy 90th birthday!
References
1. Mechoulam, R.; Hanuš, L.O.; Pertwee, R.; Howlett, A.C. Early phytocannabinoid chemistry to endocannabinoids and beyond. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2014, 15, 757-764.
2. Gaoni, Y.; Mechoulam, R. Isolation, structure and partial synthesis of an active constituent of hashish. J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 1964, 86, 1646-1647.
3. Mechoulam, R.; Gaoni, Y. The absolute configuration of Δ1-tetrahydrocannabinol, the major active constituent of hashish. Tetrahedron Letters 1967, 8, 1109-1111.
4. Mechoulam, R.; Shvo, Y. Hashish. 1. The structure of cannabidiol. Tetrahedron 1963, 19, 2073-2078.
5. Mechoulam, R.; Shani A.; Edery H.; Grunfeld, Y. Chemical basis of hashish activity. Science 1970, 169, 611-612.
6. Mechoulam, R. Marijuana. Chemistry, pharmacology, metabolism, and clinical effects; Academic Press, New York, USA, 1973.
7. Howlett, A.C.; Barth F.; Bonner T.I.; Cabral G.; Casellas P.; Devane W.A.; Felder C.C.; Herkenham, M.; Mackie, K.; Martin, B.R.; Mechoulam, R.; Pertwee, R.G. International Union of Pharmacology. XXVII. Classification of cannabinoid receptors. Pharmacol. Rev. 2002, 54, 161-202.
8. Pertwee, R.G.; Howlett, A.C.; Abood, M.E.; Alexander, S.P.H.; Di Marzo, V.; Elphick, M.R.; Greasley, P.J.; Hansen, H.S.; Kunos, G.; Mackie, K.; Mechoulam, R.; Ross, R.A. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. LXXIX. Cannabinoid receptors and their ligands: beyond CB1 and CB2. Pharmacol. Rev. 2010, 62, 588-631.
9. Devane, W.A.; Dysarz, F.A.; Johnson, M.R; Melvin, L.S.; Howlett, A.C. Determination and characterization of a cannabinoid receptor in rat brain. Mol. Pharmacol. 1988, 34, 605-613.
10. Matsuda, L.A.; Lolait, S.J.; Brownstein, M.J.; Young, A.C.; Bonner, T.I. Structure of a cannabinoid receptor and functional expression of the cloned cDNA. Nature 1990, 346, 561-564.
11. Munro, S.; Thomas, K.L.; Abu-Shaar, M. Molecular characterization of a peripheral receptor for cannabinoids. Nature 1993, 365, 61-65.
12. Devane, W.A.; Hanuš, L.; Breuer, A.; Pertwee, R.G.; Stevenson, L.A.; Griffin, G.; Gibson, D.; Mandelbaum, A.; Etinger, A.; Mechoulam, R. Isolation and structure of a brain constituent that binds to the cannabinoid receptor. Science 1992, 258, 1946-1949.
13. Mechoulam, R.; Ben-Shabat, S.; Hanuš, L.; Ligumsky, M.; Kaminski, N.E.; Schatz, A.R.; Gopher, A.; Almog, S.; Martin, B.R.; Compton, D.R.; Pertwee, R.G.; Griffin, G.; Bayewitch, M.; Barg, J.; Vogel, Z. Identification of an endogenous 2-monoglyceride, present in canine gut, that binds to cannabinoid receptors. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1995, 50, 83-90.
14. Hughes, J.; Smith, T.W.; Kosterlitz, H.W.; Fothergill, L.A.; Morgan, B.A.; Morris, H.R. Identification of 2 related pentapeptides from brain with potent opiate agonist activity. Nature 1975, 258, 577-579.
15. Pertwee, R.G. Endocannabinoids and their pharmacological actions. In: Endocannabinoids. Ed. Pertwee, R.G. Springer-Verlag: Berlin, Germany, 2015; 231: pp. 1-37.
16. Pertwee, R.G. The therapeutic potential of drugs that target cannabinoid receptors or modulate the tissue levels or actions of endocannabinoids. AAPS Journal 2005, 7, E625-E654.
17. so das sonst, Pertwee, R.G. Ligands that target cannabinoid receptors in the brain: from THC to anandamide and beyond. Addict. Biol. 2008, 13, 147-159.
18. Pertwee, R.G. Elevating endocannabinoid levels: pharmacological strategies and potential therapeutic applications. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 2014, 73, 96–105.
19. Slivicki, R.A.; Xu, Z.L.; Kulkarni, P.M.; Pertwee, R.G.; Mackie, K.; Thakur, G.A.; Hohmann, A.G. Positive allosteric modulation of cannabinoid receptor type 1 suppresses pathological pain without producing tolerance or dependence. Biol. Psychiatry 2018, 84, 722-733.
20. Pertwee, R.G.; Rock, E.M.; Guenther, K.; Limebeer, C.L.; Stevenson, L.A.; Haj, C.; Smoum, R.; Parker, L.A.; Mechoulam, R. Cannabidiolic acid methyl ester, a stable synthetic analogue of cannabidiolic acid, can produce 5-HT1A receptor-mediated suppression of nausea and anxiety in rats. Br. J. Pharmacol. 2018, 175, 100-112